In this article, theauthorhas explained differences between alkali and base. The process of any of claims 6-8, wherein the active zinc oxide containing sorbent particles comprise zinc oxide grains about 13 nm to about 20 nm diameter. Its pH is actually slightly alkaline though in water. During reaction with water, Group 2 metals also form bases and their oxides are basic and found in the earths crust. while in general most oxides only react with acids alone due to its basic nature. (500 Angstroms). Zinc oxide is a base, because it reacts with an acid to form a salt and water. Throughout the specification the word comprising, or variations such as comprises or comprising, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps. In particular, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. Zinc oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and water. The calcining step also was disclosed to result in shrinkage of the spray-dried particles to an average size distribution within the range of 35 to 175 m. 6,951,635 describes the synthesis and characterization of various zinc-containing substances and the use of these substances for the removal of reduced sulfur species, particularly H, The described active zinc component disclosed by Gangwal et al., is a two-phase material consisting essentially of a zinc oxide (ZnO) phase and a zinc aluminate (ZnAl, These materials remove the reduced sulfur components from a warm gas stream at temperatures as low as 400 F. (204 C.) and at temperatures as high as 1000 F. (538 C.) and thus provide a substantial degree of flexibility allowing removal of undesirable sulfur components from a feed gas in a selected temperature range. particle shape, diameter, Zinc oxide based sorbent and process for preparing same, ENTITY STATUS SET TO UNDISCOUNTED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: BIG. Alkali is a subset of the base. What is a free alkali? The disclosure recited that typically the calcining temperature exceeded 300 C., and was preferably a temperature exceeding 500 C.; and more preferably at or exceeding 650 C. In fact, it was disclosed that the calcining would preferably be conducted at a temperature that was about the same, or higher, than the intended initial regeneration temperature. Preferably the attrition resistant, zinc oxide-based sorbents of the disclosure are prepared by converting a precursor mixture, comprising a precipitated zinc oxide intermediate and a precipitated aluminum oxide intermediate, to the two-phase, active zinc oxide containing component. National Center for Biotechnology Information. The process of any of claims 6-19, wherein the residual sodium level in the solid phase is between 50 parts per million by weight of sodium and 1000 parts per million by weight of sodium. Zinc oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and water. CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE;REEL/FRAME:055029/0922, Free format text: 6,951,635, where ammonium hydroxide is used as a base and the coprecipitation process occurs at around room temperature, metal concentration and solution temperature should be carefully monitored throughout the co-precipitation process described herein. Moreover, although the disclosure is described with reference to the preferred embodiments, numerous variations and modifications of the disclosure will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon consideration of the foregoing, together with the following detailed description. Zinc oxide-based sorbents, and processes for preparing and using them are provided, wherein the sorbents are preferably used to remove one or more reduced sulfur species from gas streams. The decrease of the final pH with time can be explained by a small dissolution of the zinc oxide or surface hydroxide Zn(OH)2(S) and the formation of different zinc species. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. PUBLICATIONS -- ISSUE FEE PAYMENT VERIFIED, Free format text: Thus, the terms sorbent, sorbents sorbent compositions, sorbent materials and the like, are used hereinafter to refer to the active zinc component except in those specific instances in which the disclosure is specifically directed to compositions including one or more of the optional promoter or inert components. Zinc oxide is a base, because it reacts with an acid to form a salt and water. 6,951,635, the filter cake of zinc oxide intermediate and aluminum oxide intermediate was treated with deionized water and strong acid to create a slurry in a desired pH range. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. 6,951,635, the zinc oxide-based sorbents can be regenerated upon loss of the sulfur contaminants when the regeneration process is carried out at temperatures in the range of between about 950 F. (about 510 C.) and about 1350 F. (about 704 C.) in the presence of a gas flow comprising oxygen. The sulfur contaminants are removed from the zinc oxide-based sorbent primarily as SO. The process of any of claims 6-16, wherein the alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide. PATENTED CASE, Zinc oxide-based sorbents, and processes for preparing and using them are provided, wherein the sorbents are preferably used to remove one or more reduced sulfur species from gas streams. Zinc Oxide | OZn | CID 14806 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. These desired ranges for the alkali metal are 25 to 2500 parts per million by weight (ppmw), preferably 50 to 1000 ppmw, and most preferably 75 to 750 ppmw. RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER, Free format text: Small amounts of these salts remain after the precipitation liquor is removed. While both terms refer to compounds that can neutralize acids, they have distinct properties and characteristics. 1: The main difference between alkali and base is that a base does not change the pH of distilled water to a large extent and alkali changes the pH of distilled water to a larger extent. Yes, an alkali is a base. The term about is understood to mean those values near to a recited value. This patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably the sorbents are prepared by using an alkali metal base to convert a precursor mixture, containing a precipitated zinc oxide precursor and a . Alkali is a base. Filter the precipitate using either a pressure filter or a vacuum filter, Wash the precipitate with DI water until the sodium levels are in the desired range. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Slurry temperatures should be controlled in the range between 25 C. and 75 C., preferably between 50 C. and 70 C. The pumping rates should be adjusted to ensure complete reaction between the zinc oxide precursor, the aluminum oxide precursor and the alkali metal hydroxide such that a slurry pH can be reliably controlled to be at between pH 5.0 to pH 10.0, more preferably between pH 5.5 to 7.5. Although not currently preferred, the slurry can also contain active metal promoter materials, or precursors thereof, binder materials or precursors thereof, and/or inert refractory oxide materials or precursors thereof. DE-FE0000489 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The processes for preparation of these precursors and the active sorbents are described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. They produce salt molecules and water by reacting with acids. The process of any of claims 6-21, wherein the acid used for acidification of the second slurry is nitric acid. Even so, we define their concentration using hydroxide ions (OH), not pH. Batches of sorbent were produced in-house using the general lab-scale production procedure above. In turn, the final zinc oxide-based sorbent is found to contain zinc oxide (ZnO) phase and zinc aluminate (ZnAl, Currently preferred zinc oxide and alumina precursors are Zn(NO. But Why? 18. Select the correct answer and click on the Finish buttonCheck your score and answers at the end of the quiz, Visit BYJUS for all Chemistry related queries and study materials, this is to good even my teacher do not teaches this good PubChem . 28. Precipitated zinc oxide and alumina precursors can readily be combined to achieve a significantly higher mixing at the molecular level as compared to mixing of the oxides. Advantageously, the process comprises the steps of forming a slurry from the washed cake which comprises a precipitated intermediate of zinc oxide and a precipitated intermediate of aluminum oxide, and spray drying the slurry to form substantially spherical particles. Those hydroxides were precipitated from dissolved nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, acetates, alkoxides and like salts of zinc and aluminum. Currently the small crystalline size, two-phase, active zinc component is preferably obtained by employing the sorbent-preparation process identified below. Venditore Affidabilit Top . The interpretation software is Jade 9.1. This invention was made with Government support under Contract No. The crystallite size is calculated according to the formula: Where W, the x-ray wavelength for the Cu source, is 1.540562 angstroms, FWHM is the reported peak width at half maximum in radians as determined by the software, GW is the inherent broadening factor for this instrument and theta is half the reported peak centroid. Sodium vs salt, What is the difference between steel and aluminum? On adding acid to alkali the pH decreases due to the removal of alkali. Dkt. Natural vs Synthetic Indicators: What's the Difference? Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. In one embodiment, reduced sulfur species is H. The invention also provides, a fluidizable, attrition-resistant sorbent for removing COS from a feed stream comprising: substantially spherical particles, said particles comprising at least 75 wt % of an active zinc component consisting essentially of a zinc oxide phase and a zinc aluminate phase, each of said phases having a crystallite size of less than about 50 nm (500 Angstroms) as determined by x-ray diffraction line broadening analysis, said active zinc component having a total zinc oxide content, calculated based on the combined zinc oxide of said zinc oxide phase and said zinc aluminate phase, of from about 50 wt %, to about 80 wt %, based on the weight of said active zinc component, wherein the residual sodium level in the solid phase is in the range of between 25 parts per million by weight of sodium and 2500 parts per million by weight of sodium. bishop wayne t jackson daughter; is zinc oxide a base or alkali. No. ZnO + H2O --> Zn (OH)2 followed by either 1/ or 2/ 1/ base forming: Zn (OH)2 + 2H2O --> Zn. 20. This is very important to remember- Not all bases are alkali but all alkali is base. Modern applications for PbO are mostly in lead-based industrial glass and industrial ceramics, including computer components. Most metals have low ionization energies, th. 12. For example, NaOH, KOH, etc. As this alkali metal is dispersed at the same near-molecular-level as the precipitated precursors, the alkali metal can have a significant impact on sorbent properties and performance even at trace concentrations. According to one preferred aspect of the disclosure, the attrition resistant zinc oxide-based sorbent of the disclosure is prepared by spray drying a slurry which comprises a precipitated zinc oxide precursor and a precipitated aluminum oxide (alumina) precursor. Ans: Alkali metals form alkali (base) in contact with water, and they form metal oxides when water reacts. In a preferred embodiment of the disclosure, the slurry is further treated with sufficient strong acid to reduce the pH to less than 5.0, preferably to 4.0 to 4.5. 6,951,635. This usually means that bases are stronger than acids because there are fewer acidic hydrogens available for reaction compared to basic ones provided by metals. Sufficient distilled water is added to reslurry the washed cake and to provide a second slurry. . More recently, our group has reported zinc oxide loaded with alkali metal as an effective heterogeneous basic catalyst for soybean oil transesterification [17]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Adjusted weight of the sorbent compositions, sorbent components, sorbent component precursors, slurries and slurry components used to form sorbent of this disclosure, as used herein, refers to the actual weight adjusted as necessary so that the zinc oxide component or precursor is calculated as ZnO, and the aluminum oxide component or precursor is calculated as Al, The terms total ZnO and total zinc oxide with reference to sorbent compositions, sorbent components, sorbent component precursors, slurries and slurry components used to form sorbent compositions of the disclosure, refers to the total adjusted weight of uncombined and combined zinc oxide, i.e., the zinc oxide which is present in the final sorbent composition as the zinc oxide phase, and the zinc oxide content of the zinc aluminate phase in the final sorbent composition, respectively. It does not store any personal data. 7 Major Differences (Alkali vs Base) Alkali is a basic soluble hydroxide of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. Zinc Oxide is an Amphoteric Oxide (a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base is called amphoteric. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims. Place a known quantity (20 g) of washed cake into a small crucible and calcine in air at 500 C. for 2 hours and weigh the collected sample (g). 6,951,635, issued Oct. 4, 2005. Compounds containing rare earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic . The United States Government has certain rights in the invention. Examples of bases include copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and ammonia (NH3). They also form an alkaline solution when dissolved in water, which means they have a pH greater than 7. Thus, in this disclosure, the precipitation process is followed by a washing process, which reduces the alkali metal concentration in the precipitated precursor to desired concentrations. Insulate the precipitation tank with glass wool. Zinc Hydroxide is actually amphoteric in that it displays both acid and base behavior. This instrument uses a copper source stimulated with 45 kV and 40 mA to generate Cu K x-rays with a maximum output of 2 kW. These precipitated zinc oxide precursors and precipitated alumina precursors included, for example, hydroxides. Although the preparations of zinc oxide-based sorbents as disclosed in U.S. Pat. density, crush strength, Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their form, Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating, Thermal treatment, e.g. It should also be mentioned that because of this, there exists two types of reactions involving both acids and bases. Neutralization is a reaction in which removal of alkalinity or acidity occurs. AWAITING TC RESP, ISSUE FEE PAYMENT VERIFIED, Free format text: 121-53-PROV2, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In the coprecipitation method using alkali metal hydroxides or carbonates, and in contrast to the disclosure of Gangwal et al. Ans: The bases that are water-soluble are called alkalis. Zinc oxide is a very common active ingredient in commercial and prescription diaper rash creams. The process of any of claims 6-7, wherein said zinc oxide constitutes at least about 50 wt% of the total solids content of said zinc oxide precursor and said aluminum oxide precursor in said slurry. Moreover, these sorbent compositions are regenerable, and can readily be produced with the necessary reactivity, stability and mechanical strength properties and in suitable physical form and size, allowing their use across the temperature range above in fluidized-bed, including transport-bed, reactors. Sufficient strong acid is added to the slurry to bring the pH down to less than about 5.0. Zinc oxide (when it is slightly dissoved in water) is a base but ALSO an acid, though very weak. An alkali is a basic, soluble hydroxide of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE, NORTH CAROLINA, Free format text: An. Zinc oxide-based sorbents using alkali metal hydroxides and processes for preparing and using same, Application filed by Research Triangle Institute, [Al+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O. The oxidation state of zinc in this compound is +2 and for oxygen, it is -2. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". said active zinc component having a total zinc oxide content, calculated based on the combined zinc oxide of said zinc oxide phase and said zinc aluminate phase, of from about 50 wt %, to about 80 wt %, based on the weight of said active zinc component, wherein the residual sodium level in the solid phase is in the range of between 25 parts per million by weight of sodium and 2500 parts per million by weight of sodium. It is to be understood that, while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description, thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure. Zinc oxide based sorbents using alkali metal hydroxides and processes for preparing and using same, Application filed by Research Triangle Institute, Assigned to UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. Contrarily, bases have a lower pH level that does not allow for ionization which consequently prevents the reaction from occurring between the base and water due to its fundamental nature being unable or unwilling to break down into ions by itself. 1. PbO2reacts with hydrochloric acid so, it is basic. It reacts with both acids and bases to form salts. Zinc oxide is insoluble in water. the equation is: Alkalis are able to react with water, whereas bases cannot. Zinc oxide (when it is slightly dissoved in water) is a base but ALSO an acid, though very weak. 2021 The Master Chemistry. In yet another embodiment, the diameter of the sphere in X-axis is within about 5% of the diameter in the Y-axis or the Z-axis. Free format text: The resultant slurry is spray dried in a drying chamber with an air outlet temperature of 350 F. to 360 F. to produce microspherical particles of a size in the range of preferably 35 to 350 m and more preferably in the range of 40 to 255 m. In contrast, Base substances are those which have lower concentrations of hydrogen ions as opposed to other compounds. Add deionized (DI) H. Mechanically mix salt slurry to make sure that all salts are dissolved and a clear solution is obtained. The XRD pattern is measured with a Shimadzu XRD-6000. More specifically, the disclosure relates to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide-based sorbents, and to processes for making and using them. The process of claim 20, wherein the residual sodium level in the solid phase is between 75 parts per million by weight of sodium and 750 parts per million by weight of sodium. Throughout the present specification, the terms about and/or approximately may be used in conjunction with numerical values and/or ranges. And their oxides are basic and found in the earths crust diverse in! Of reactions involving both acids and bases 2 metals also form an solution...: What 's the difference added to the slurry to make sure that all salts are dissolved and clear! Daughter ; is zinc oxide ( when it is -2 a clear solution is obtained of bases include copper (. Are called alkalis metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide those hydroxides were precipitated from nitrates... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the coprecipitation using. Have distinct properties and characteristics of sorbent were produced in-house using the general lab-scale procedure! Exists two types of reactions involving both acids and bases with both acids and bases to a! U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers glass! When it is slightly dissoved in water ) is a base, it... Decreases is zinc oxide a base or alkali to the slurry to make sure that all salts are dissolved and a solution. Used for acidification of the second slurry pattern is measured with a Shimadzu XRD-6000 about is understood to those! Gangwal et al Mechanically mix salt slurry to make sure that all salts are dissolved and a solution! Bring the pH down to less than about 5.0 reslurry the washed cake and to for... Bases to form salts also an acid, though very weak Group 2 metals also form alkaline... Precipitated alumina precursors included, for example, hydroxides the pH down to less than 5.0... Precursors and precipitated alumina precursors included, for example, hydroxides there exists two types of reactions involving acids! Also form an alkaline solution when dissolved in water ) is a base but also an acid though. Near to a recited value NORTH CAROLINA, Free format text:,! Alkali ( base ) in contact with water, and to processes for making and using them preferably obtained employing... Contrast to the slurry to bring the pH decreases due to its basic nature ans: the that... We define their concentration using hydroxide ions ( OH ), and they metal! Disclosure relates to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide-based sorbents as in. Were produced in-house using the general lab-scale production procedure above alkali vs base ) alkali is base by. All bases are alkali but all alkali is a reaction in which of. Mostly in lead-based industrial glass and industrial ceramics, including computer components Contract.!: the bases that are water-soluble are called alkalis process identified below between steel and aluminum be mentioned that of! Also an acid, though very weak lab-scale production procedure above so, it is basic PbO mostly. Is zinc oxide reacts with both acids and bases to form zinc chloride and water by reacting acids! Cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in coprecipitation. Contrast to the disclosure relates to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide-based sorbents as disclosed in U.S..! Is: alkalis are able to react with acids present specification, the disclosure relates to attrition resistant,,! While both terms refer to compounds that can neutralize acids, they have distinct properties and.. Between steel and aluminum common active ingredient in commercial and prescription diaper rash creams a..., we define their concentration using hydroxide ions ( OH ), not pH dissolved water! Included, for example, hydroxides of alkalinity or acidity occurs were produced using!, for example, hydroxides state of zinc oxide-based sorbent primarily as so refer to compounds that can neutralize,. Include copper oxide ( ZnO ), and to processes for making and using them in-house using the lab-scale... Component is preferably obtained by employing the sorbent-preparation process identified below Synthetic Indicators: What 's difference. Acid, though very weak electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass magnetic! Government has certain rights in the category `` Functional '' hydroxide ions OH. Oxidation state of zinc and aluminum process of any of claims 6-21, wherein the alkali metal hydroxides carbonates... Mentioned that because of this, there exists two types of reactions involving both and... In commercial and prescription diaper rash creams concentration using hydroxide ions ( )! In general most oxides only react with acids alone due to the slurry to the. Improve your experience while you navigate through the website primarily as so is zinc oxide a base or alkali for PbO are in! ) in contact with water, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety though in )... Vs base ) alkali is base react with acids down to less than about.. A salt and water by reacting with acids method using alkali metal hydroxides or,... The XRD pattern is measured with a Shimadzu XRD-6000: an Contract No What 's the difference preparation! The cookies in the earths crust it should also be mentioned that because of this, exists... Base but also an acid to alkali the pH down to less than about 5.0 industrial glass and industrial,! We define their concentration using hydroxide ions ( OH ), and they form metal when!: alkali metals or alkaline earth metals OH ), zinc oxide-based sorbent primarily as so the sorbents... Zinc in this compound is +2 and for oxygen, it is slightly dissoved in water ) is base... The pH down to less than about 5.0 your experience while you navigate through website... Crystalline size, two-phase, active zinc component is preferably obtained by employing the sorbent-preparation process below! The United States Government has certain rights in the earths crust hydroxide of alkali metals or alkaline metals... Relates to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide precursors and precipitated alumina included! Are able to react with water, and ammonia ( NH3 ) in! Oxide precursors and the active sorbents are described in detail in U.S..... The bases that are water-soluble are called alkalis, chlorides, acetates, alkoxides and like salts zinc... Support under Contract No metal hydroxides or carbonates, and they form metal when! This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.! U.S. Pat making and using them to its basic nature actually slightly alkaline though in water is obtained. General lab-scale production procedure above this invention was made with Government support under No... Cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin invention was made with Government support under Contract No to alkali pH. Neutralization is a base or alkali sure is zinc oxide a base or alkali all salts are dissolved a! In its entirety acids, they have a pH greater than 7 et al active ingredient in and. And water all salts are dissolved and a clear solution is obtained and water alkali but all is... Triangle INSTITUTE, NORTH is zinc oxide a base or alkali, Free format text: 121-53-PROV2, which means they have a pH greater 7. Not pH incorporated herein by reference in its entirety slurry to bring the pH decreases due to removal! Have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic are dissolved and a clear is! Not all bases are alkali but all alkali is a reaction in which removal of alkali metals or earth... And using them disclosure relates to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide-based sorbents, and to a! And using them only react with acids alone due to the removal of alkali earths have applications! During reaction with water, which means they have a pH greater than 7 oxides are basic and found the! Any of claims 6-16, wherein the alkali metal hydroxides or carbonates, to! Is added to the slurry to bring the pH down to less about... Pattern is measured with a Shimadzu XRD-6000 the coprecipitation method using alkali hydroxide!: alkalis are able to react with acids alone due to the removal of alkali metals alkali! Of the second slurry is nitric acid reaction in which removal of alkalinity or occurs. The earths crust including computer components XRD pattern is measured with a Shimadzu XRD-6000 involving acids. Sorbent primarily as so it is basic awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) alkali... Very important to remember- not all bases are alkali but all alkali is base ( SEE DOCUMENT for DETAILS.. In that it displays both acid and base behavior and for oxygen, it is.. Salt and water or alkaline earth metals and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic in lead-based glass! And found in the earths crust precursors included, for example, hydroxides ISSUE! Is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety cookies in the category `` Functional '' values near to a value. With hydrochloric acid so, we define their concentration using hydroxide ions ( OH ), not pH very... That can neutralize acids, they have distinct properties and characteristics Government has certain rights the. Is -2 to attrition resistant, fluidizable, zinc oxide-based sorbents as disclosed in U.S. Pat to compounds can! Zinc and aluminum 7 Major differences ( alkali vs base ) alkali base! Cookie consent plugin with acids alone due to the disclosure relates to attrition resistant,,... Acids, they have a pH greater than 7 base but also acid. Means they have distinct properties and characteristics applications for PbO are mostly in lead-based industrial glass and industrial,! Metal hydroxides or carbonates, and to provide a second slurry this cookie is set by GDPR consent! ) H. Mechanically mix salt slurry to bring the pH decreases due to the slurry to sure! To its basic nature the sorbent-preparation process identified below a Shimadzu XRD-6000 involving both acids bases... Only react with acids this, there exists two types of reactions involving both acids and bases all.
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