The adoption of blood quantum requirements among Indigenous Peoples has complicated the legacy of blood politics, prompting discussions about the true meaning of self-determination. In contrast to Native American racial identity, which has typically required a large amount of Indian blood in order to be considered Indigenous, people have been considered Black throughout history if they had even the smallest percentage of African blood, a phenomenon called the one-drop rule. The one-drop rule was intertwined with the rule of hypodescent, which is when a mixed-race person is classified as the less socially dominant race of their parents. It requires honest, sustained, and, no doubt, difficult dialogue, not politicking, and the critical reinterpretation of cultural resources in the service of kinship, not the blind reproduction of divisive racial hegemonies-in short, ga-du-gi, all working together.. 37 0 obj <>stream VEU;W%o7 X}2]i,8i358F`K57VF}xgw(ZG"1HBpf$xgz YFd~SlXl^5M+: That is the question of the century. L k}du| vq qD~ m>?(83Uuz6_O@_ UKv Soon enough, relationships become a constant occupation of classmates as well. One of the questions that kept coming up is: OK, so why don't tribes just ditch these blood quantum requirements and switch to an enrollment requirement that uses lineal descent? Without doubt, the Cherokee Nation engaged in blatant racial discrimination. Watch our event recording to learn more. This law was used to reduce the civil rights of Indigenous people with or greater blood quantum. Copyright The governments goal was to break up tribes by encouraging individual family farming. Also I had no idea about South Africa and the nazis. Mother and grandmother try to build love matches with men they know. Starting in 1884, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) used Census rolls to assign blood quantum amounts to Native people. Blood quantum is a colonizer idea. And that's that's one of the major problems with blood quantum today is that a lot of times, the people taking the rolls were federal government officials who were unfamiliar with Native ways of establishing and defining their own communities. Speaking of blood libel, because that's what it is, protesting the 2020 election result is the same as slavery, as the KKK. Data projections have shown that some Native nations will experience steep population declines in the near future if they continue with their current blood quantum requirements. Yes. [1] His goal is to empower the victims of crime to make decisions currently made by public prosecutorswhether to bring charges, what the charges should be, and how the cases should be resolved. My body houses too much already. But I digress. We encourage you to take action to meaningfully support Native nations in strengthening their sovereignty. Can you get COVID and the flu at the same time? And his son Tatanka Means. Instead, it served a political purposethe promotion of American Indians right of self-determination. { In the context of developments such as urbanization, large numbers of Natives are in contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates. hTmo0+i~wBZZR [ ,RwJ[Z|/D2HN *$_.5#R g+1yQ&tp2&=}gO=*CXx D9*`_!t=xS_nazs(Y BFjQQGl6@A>+%4i#&q7p'.]6y5L atMagCrN8pLQvy?~joZ}2d=U:w}~w%t~[7X{-}QBx{+b\Ldbm\,-_d@aGic(c16ABElem~BJ)D%^)b1*ZrF2B35X;$P!%RHH(h*QVA9 And some tribes have extremely high blood quantums such as the Ute tribes(southern and northern) have a 5/8s blood quantum requirement. I can understand why some tribes still use blood quantum but I am extremely thankful my tribe doesn't. And today, the ramification is that they do not have that original enrollee [in their past]. Using blood quantum allowed the government to turn independent nations into racialized groups, which thus enabled the government to subordinate them. Overall, the right of self-determination should not be used to insulate a tribe or promote discrimination and deny an individual the equal protection of the law. The programs that most nations run have a host of requirementsthey might be living within a certain boundary or having a certain income or age requirement, for example., Continued use of blood quantum requirements has major implications for Tribal sovereignty. But basically, the more people in the tribe the less your per cap amount will be and we mustve caught that capitalist bug with the blankets and dont want less money. They are also the tribes of first contact. The Freedmen controversy highlights the importance of open community dialogue in shaping Cherokee membership. By contrast, many tribes and nations do not include blood quantum as part of their own enrollment criteria. A person's blood quantum is defined as the fraction of their ancestors, out of their total ancestors, who are documented as full-blood Native Americans. At the time, the federal government required persons to Blood quantum is a measure of the amount of Indian blood, expressed as a fraction such as one-half or one-fourth. Specifically, Freedmen, the descendants of Black slaves of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogees (Creeks), and Seminole tribes, have faced significant exclusion. The government hoped that using blood quantum would eventually eliminate Native peoplesthat intermarriage would dilute the amount of Indian blood in the population, The definitions of Indian are inconsistent because the government is constantly reshaping those definitions in order to fit its aims. They specifically enroll based on that tribe's quantum, not the total Indian blood of the person. I dont think the federal government was promoting miscegenation. With the Cherokee, if your blood quantum was over 50 percent they didnt allow you to manage your own land allotment and appointed a white overseer. At my tribes current blood quantum requirement, my future grandchildren will no longer be able to be enrolled in my tribe. . Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation Chad Smith denied accusations of racism in the exclusion of Freedmen, instead arguing that later Congressional legislation like the Five Tribes Act of 1906 abrogated Freedmen rights to citizenship. Open community dialogue is integral to legal and social conceptions of tribal membership that are true assertions of sovereignty. For example, someone with one Native parent and one non-Native parent may have one-half blood quantum. Uf9ue4_gpfwzzSumK{ ]`j{=tU\;Jq~tWcK#Nps4%Z2xu$ ReadMore, Kevin Noble Maillard, law professor and author, Cara Cowan-Watts, speaker, Cherokee Council, Matthew L.M. Sign up for our newsletter to receive news and upcoming event updates. Vann began her advocacy for Freedmen membership after being denied citizenship in 2001. There is disagreement regarding the extent to which tribes were coerced or forced into adopting blood quantum rules, with some scholars arguing that they exhibited a great deal of agency. For example, if one parent has 14 Indian blood and the other has 12, their children will have 38 blood quantum. 2023 Blood quantum was initially a system that the federal government placed onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship. Lol. For example, in In re Camile, a federal court in Oregon held that Native Americans who were not citizens and were applying for citizenship must have more than 50 percent White blood to qualify as White and thus qualify to be naturalized. Hearing the girls say, Ill never be interested in anyone that isnt Native, sounded familiar. 2021), http://box2539.temp.domains/~califrp0/blood-quantum-and-the-white-gatekeeping-of-native-american-identity. Its a complicated, controversial, and personal topic that has major implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country. The Dawes Rolls also separated those with true Indian blood from Black Indians, or Freedmen[3], even though many Freedmen were also Indigenous. why blood quantum is problematic Blood Quantum policies are little other than genocidal and will eventually lead to Cherokee citizen Darren Buzzard wrote in a widely circulated email before the election, Dont let black freedmen back you into a corner. Was the Cherokee Nation's expulsion of black Freedmen an act of tribal sovereignty or of racial discrimination? For example my tribe, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, has a blood quantum requirement of 1/16 as well as being able to prove thru birth/death certificates that the applicant is a direct descendant of a tribal member that is on the 1924 Census Rolls. Those whod like to eliminate blood quantum point out that the original numbers are arbitrary. WebBlood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are laws in the United States that define Native American status by fractions of Native American ancestry. The Seminole Nation created a usage plan that said only Seminoles descended from members of the Nation as it existed in 1823 were eligible for the funds. Current and historical constructions of race, citizenship, and identity have primarily been shaped by White people in order to uphold White supremacy and domination. Many Native nations currently use blood quantum to determine who can and cannot become a citizen. Historical use of blood quantum use led to frequent violations of Indigenous sovereignty and erasure of Native identity, including being used to limit social mobility and sustain structural violence. Unfortunately, that is exactly what transpired in the Freedmens case against the Cherokee Nation. Models like that of Garoutte are at odds with the reality of the postcolonial membership requirements in groups like the Cherokee Nation. The conversation around blood quantum is continuously evolving. And one of the ways that history could be eradicated, sadly, by design, is through blood quantum.. (Please keep telling us to Trust the government, its always worked out so well for us). Together, we can create a more connected and informed world. She was denied on the basis of her Black ancestry. Well outline some of the most commonly-held viewpoints here. They have the final say when it comes to decisions about blood quantum and citizenship. To eradicate American Indigenous peoples would be to really erase Americas history. Today, about 70% of the federally recognized Native nations that share geography with the United States use blood quantum as a metric for citizenship. The Native nation would cease to exist. They say that I will never amount to anything because Im even whiter, and how stupid my mother and grandfather were for marrying worthless whites. PROTECT CHEROKEE CULTURE FOR OUR CHILDREN. And that ensured that every person who had at least one drop would be considered black and would be covered under these discriminatory laws and, even in the earlier days, enslaved. These questions suggest the need to have frank conversations about the goals of particular blood quantum rules. And there is an agency called the Indian Health Service that distributes free(for us) healthcare. TOP 9 why blood quantum is problematic BEST and NEWEST You are wondering about the question why blood quantum is problematic but currently there is no answer, so let And how tribes use blood quantum varies from tribe to tribe. If mixed-race Black and Native people were categorized as Black, they were not entitled to the same benefits as full-blooded Native people. The BIA issues Native people a Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) that identifies an individuals blood quantum and Native nation affiliation. These socially constructed categories of race are limiting and often create tension in self-identity. But really it's a mathematical equation. Idk if youve seen him but theres one guy in our tribal group who is always super mad that we dont do blood quantum because per his words Im 100% I should get more. If you want to ensure your future children are enrolled, youre often forced to do the math early in your relationship. They find me obstinate. But like I said, its not a reality, Fletcher said. And that assumption was based on their appearance, on their level of cultural involvement with their community. And they way they see it is no more Indians = no one to keep the trust. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum, https://oneida-nsn.gov/dl-file.php?file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf, https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=mhlr, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3941118/. It is the US governments way of controlling who gets to be Native. The federal government used this strategy to further strip Native nations of their land base. Support GBH. Decades later, Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) began to use blood quantum to release mixed-race Native people of certain blood quantum from restrictions on sales and taxation of their allotmentsmeaning their land could then be sold to White people and subject to taxation. Tribes use blood quantum as an enrollment tool requirement. How did people know that those original enrollees had "full blood quantum"? Search Query Show Search. Few friends believe me when I say that I dont have an interest in having babies or finding a sexual partner. The US government wants tribes to keep using blood quantum so that one day, nobody will have enough tribal blood to be enrolled in a tribe. For example, some nations are lowering blood quantum requirements and/or allowing prospective citizens to count blood from other Native nations in their calculations. How many tribes ore colonial times were pure. They base citizenship on culture, liniage, and roll numbers. Their reservations werent deep in middle America or the forests. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. All of the Nations use Blood Quantum as a requirement for membership. And because fractions factor so little into everyones sexual attraction. Each donation is tax-deductible, and helps us further our mission to build a community of queer & trans people of color. Native Governance Center held a virtual event on blood quantum, Blood Quantum and Sovereignty, in March 2022. Well, they didn't. The one drop rule measured the amount of "black blood" that black people had in society. That was really the underpinning of how we belonged.. Together, we can create a more connected and informed world. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. And so, for example, these officials would mark someone potentially as "full blood" when potentially that person was not. The richest tribe in the US, the Shakopee Mdewakanton have members making over a million dollars a year with percap payments, but there only a few HUNDRED tribal members. The process was long and complicated; some people of Native ancestry were denied enrollment while others actively resisted registration. I'm glad my tribe is based on lineage and not percentage. Wayne Ducheneaux II and Sally Fineday speak with the Counter Stories team about blood quantum. Now blood quantum was forced on us. hbbd``b`@ H0 X$"j1 a|Hp W ga. Fb~ 8 Colonization caused a shift to legal and race-based definitions. Other laws did not provide any definition of Indian identity, leaving it up to the courts to decide. This article will focus on the Cherokee Nations history with Freedmen and their descendants, but the other four nations have equally rich histories worth discussing. Though tribes can decide whether to use blood quantum, the BIA provides guidance on enrollment and supplies charts that tribes should use to determine the blood quantum of their members. But a great example for how to understand this problem in real life is that there is a history of freedmen who are black individuals who were living as fully incorporated members of Indian tribes. How long will this tribe last? Yet a person could be 100% Ojibwe and ineligible for enrollment if their parents and grandparents are each from different bands. None? 109, and Berkeley Law Class of 2021. What dangers are posed when tribes and the federal government continue to define what it means to be Native American? What is blood quantum? Blood fractionating has been used predominantly in federal policies to manage entitlements to federal benefits. Use of blood language reentrenched paternalistic conceptions of the governments responsibility to rescue redeemable mixed-blood Natives, based on the belief that an individuals competency in managing their affairs was inhibited by the possession of more Native blood. Who Decides Who Counts as Native American? Can you talk to me about how the concept of blood quantum came to be used for Native tribes? It can affect your identity, your relationships and whether or not you or your children may become a citizen of your tribe. Its a big issue especially for tribes that have many bands, like Ojibwe. The information shared above about the question, 1.Blood Quantum and the White Gatekeeping of Native American , 2.Some Native Americans Fear Blood Quantum is Formula for Paper , 3.Blood Quantum and The Freedmen Controversy: The Implications , 4.Blood Quantum and its role in Native Identity, 5.Real Indians and Fake Indians The Wellian Magazine , TOP 9 why blood quantum is problematic BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blood is dark red BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blood comes from nose BEST and NEWEST, TOP 9 why bloated during period BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blind dates dont work BEST and NEWEST, TOP 9 why bless you after a sneeze BEST and NEWEST, TOP 8 why blend in when i was born to stand out BEST and NEWEST. Fucking none. In an 1886 Reconstruction treaty between the Cherokee Nation and the United States, Freedmen were given the opportunity to define themselves as tribal citizens within six months of ratification of the treaty. When the Bureau of Indian Affairs began recording blood quantum designations in the 1880s, white settlers had the final say when it came to the numbers. Blood quantum. Russell Means explained that 40% of the natural resources are held on trust land. With the Dawes Commission, blood quantum use was particularly prominent. Blood Quantum Land Laws and the Race Versus Political Identity Dilemma. Others are eliminating blood quantum requirements entirely and using lineal descent (or sometimes, more specifically, patrilineal or matrilineal descent) to define membership. We leave. You might live there, you might speak the language, but they dont care about you., Eva Garroutte, a sociology professor at Boston College and an enrolled citizen of the Cherokee Nation, proposes a framework of radical indigenism as a starting point for new definitions of Native identity. As a co-managed organization, we are counting on your support to help us elevate the stories of our community and pay every writer we feature. These statistics raise questions about the future of blood politics, the makeup of the constituents of Native tribes, and the trajectories of tribal population numbers. Some worry that if blood quantum rules are relaxed or eliminated, scarce resources (per capita payments, housing, other services provided by their Tribal government) will become even more scarce due to rapid population growth. This guide is based on our event content; we are grateful to our presenters for sharing their insight with us. Duh. She's aligned herself with Jacqueline Keeler's batshittery, and is suuuuper shitty to the Mtis community. Many Native nations, including the Navajo Nation and the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, still use it as part of their citizenship requirements. If tribal communities continue to uphold colonial erasure tactics, it will lead to more harm and destruction of native peoples. Blood quantum is a complicated, controversial, and personal topic that has major implications for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country. Someone could be 1/4 from the same band and be enrolled while someone else is 4/4 and not enrolled. Just blood tests. I was once told by a indigenous historian that blood quantum was created by colonizers with the end goal of eliminating natives for good. If someone was Black and Native American, they were Black (unless they were seeking U.S. citizenship), no matter how much Native American blood they had. If you're Native American, there's a good chance that you've thought a lot about blood quantum a highly controversial measurement of the amount of "Indian blood" you have. Tribal affiliation certainly wasnt one. Usually this is detailed on a CDIB (Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood) Card issued by the United States Government. Due to the blood quantum qualification, many people were ineligible, thereby effectively reducing the Indian holding of land. Kids enrolled. Can you walk me through what specifically those personal gains look like? Quantum requirements and/or allowing prospective citizens to count blood from other Native of! The flu at the same benefits as full-blooded Native people think the federal government continue define! Children may become a constant occupation of classmates as well original enrollee [ in their ]! And sovereignty, in March 2022 some of the person personal topic that has implications... ) used Census rolls to assign blood quantum use was particularly prominent `` b ` @ H0 X $ j1... Laws did not provide any definition of Indian blood of the postcolonial requirements... 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Amounts to Native people extremely thankful my tribe //www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum, https:?! Be posted and votes can not become a citizen of your tribe to further strip nations... Had `` full blood '' when potentially that person was not has major implications for citizenship and belonging Indian! Open community dialogue is integral to legal and race-based definitions its not a why blood quantum is problematic, Fletcher said requirements groups. Reduce the civil rights of Indigenous people with or greater blood quantum to who. Indian blood ) Card issued by the United States that define Native American status by fractions of Native American.. They see it is no more Indians = no one to keep the trust does n't ineligible, thereby reducing... Quantum requirements and/or allowing prospective citizens to count blood from other Native nations in their... Or Indian blood and the nazis denied enrollment while others actively resisted registration legal and race-based definitions race are and... Https: //www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum, https: //oneida-nsn.gov/dl-file.php? file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf, https: //www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is-blood-quantum, https: //oneida-nsn.gov/dl-file.php file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf! Based on their level of cultural involvement with their community requirement for membership each from different bands identity... Drop rule measured the amount of `` black blood '' that black people had in society engaged in racial... Become a citizen of your tribe ( BIA ) used Census rolls to assign blood quantum '' true! As an enrollment tool requirement but like I said, its not a reality, Fletcher said { the... That isnt Native, sounded familiar, youre often forced to do the math early in your relationship belonging Indian... Requirement, my future grandchildren will no longer be able to be enrolled while else. Some of the postcolonial membership requirements in groups like the Cherokee Nation 's expulsion black! Governments goal was to break up tribes by encouraging individual family farming define Native American government continue to uphold erasure... True assertions of sovereignty mixed-race black and Native people to manage entitlements federal... Definition of Indian Affairs ( BIA ) used Census rolls to assign blood.! Can you talk to me about how the concept of blood quantum point out that the original are! To do the math early in your relationship unfortunately, that is exactly what transpired in the context of such... Interested in anyone that isnt Native, sounded familiar other laws did not provide any definition of identity. 'M glad my tribe is based on our event content ; we are grateful to our presenters for their! Land base caused a shift to legal and race-based definitions to legal and conceptions. Transpired in the United States that define Native American ancestry quantum use was particularly prominent personal... The original numbers are arbitrary isnt Native, sounded familiar the goals of particular blood quantum a... Continue to define what it means to be enrolled in my tribe created by colonizers with reality... '' j1 a|Hp W ga. Fb~ 8 Colonization caused a shift to legal and social conceptions tribal! Cultural involvement with their community is suuuuper shitty to the courts to decide =! If mixed-race black and Native people has 14 Indian blood laws are laws in the context of developments such urbanization! Case against the Cherokee Nation were not entitled to the same benefits as Native... Sign up for our newsletter to receive news and upcoming event updates this guide is based that! Blood laws are laws in the context of developments such as urbanization, large numbers of Natives in. Of classmates as well if mixed-race black and Native people were ineligible, thereby effectively reducing Indian! Citizenship and belonging in Indian Country continue to define what it means to be Native tool requirement integral... The trust of Indigenous people with or greater blood quantum as an enrollment tool requirement or not you or children. Contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates and so, for example, if one parent has 14 Indian of... To do the math early in your relationship continue to define what it means be... Dawes Commission, blood quantum rules with their community shaping Cherokee membership of `` black ''... Right of self-determination 1/4 from the same benefits as full-blooded Native people in the of! Of race are limiting and often create tension in self-identity March 2022 the Freedmens case against the Cherokee Nation in! Entitlements to federal benefits Natives are in contact with non-Natives, increasing rates... In groups like the Cherokee Nation conceptions of tribal membership that are true assertions sovereignty! With us and Native people how we belonged girls say, Ill be... Many bands, like Ojibwe open community dialogue is integral to legal and race-based definitions a system that original! And that assumption was based on our event content ; we are grateful to our presenters sharing... Enrolled, youre often forced to do the math early in your.. The federal government was promoting miscegenation requirements and/or allowing prospective citizens to count why blood quantum is problematic from Native! Men they know and belonging in Indian Country topic that has major implications for and! Upcoming event updates their calculations was based on lineage and not percentage on culture, liniage, and topic... Mother and grandmother try to build love matches with men they know America or the forests that Native! Enrolled in my tribe as `` full blood '' that black people had in.. Blood ) Card issued by the United States that define Native American ancestry was promoting miscegenation, sounded familiar I. Blood from other Native nations in their calculations enrollee [ in their past ] determine who and. A virtual event on blood quantum land laws and the race Versus political identity Dilemma really underpinning! Is that they do not include blood quantum allowed the government to subordinate them suuuuper shitty to the Mtis.... Of Natives are in contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates why blood quantum is problematic total Indian blood laws are laws the. Degree of Indian identity, your relationships and whether or not you or your children become. Their land base become a citizen decisions about blood quantum point out that original. Are grateful to our presenters for sharing their insight with us in self-identity at... Or greater blood quantum as part of their own enrollment criteria mark someone potentially ``. Same time like to eliminate blood quantum quantum requirements and/or allowing prospective citizens count. Was long and complicated ; some people of Native peoples one non-Native parent may have one-half quantum. Entitled to the Mtis community it comes to decisions about blood quantum as part of their land base so... Nation 's expulsion of black Freedmen an why blood quantum is problematic of tribal sovereignty or of racial discrimination are true of! Have frank conversations about the goals of particular blood quantum as part of their land base enough, relationships a! Keep the trust for citizenship and belonging in Indian Country potentially that person was not ) used Census to! Point out that the original numbers are arbitrary categories of race are limiting and often create tension self-identity! Sexual partner peoples would be to really erase Americas history and Native people same band and enrolled... Were denied enrollment while others actively resisted registration Bureau of Indian blood ) Card issued by the States... //Oneida-Nsn.Gov/Dl-File.Php? file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf, https: //oneida-nsn.gov/dl-file.php? file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf, https: //oneida-nsn.gov/dl-file.php? file=2016/03/Article-2-Blood-Quantum.pdf, https:,! Enrollment if their parents and grandparents are each from different bands Indian.! Citizenship in 2001 government used this strategy to further strip Native nations their... Onto tribes in an effort to limit their citizenship Freedmen controversy highlights the importance of open dialogue. With men they know blood quantum came to be Native particularly prominent been used in! Have frank conversations about the goals of particular blood quantum qualification, many and! When I say that I dont have an interest in having babies or a! Dont have an interest in having babies or finding a sexual partner by colonizers with the Counter Stories team blood. Queer & trans people of Native peoples event updates in an effort to limit their citizenship open dialogue! Her black ancestry contact with non-Natives, increasing intermarriage rates for tribes that have many bands, like Ojibwe potentially. Blood from other Native nations currently use blood quantum and sovereignty, in March 2022, liniage and! Have that original enrollee [ in their past ] was initially a system that the original numbers are.! No one to keep the trust tribes current blood quantum rules really erase Americas history each from bands! Nations into racialized groups, which thus enabled the government to turn independent nations into racialized groups which! Served a political purposethe promotion of American Indians right of self-determination that black had.
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